The Military Protections For Women In The Military

in 2016 compared to 6,082 last year, an annual military report showed. This was a sharp jump from 2012 when 3,604 cases were reported. Few bills have been presented in Congress against the institution for fear of disrespecting those who are fighting for our country. By attacking one section of the military for injustice and abuse, there is fear that this could possibly only be scratching the surface of the issue. Protections for women in the military seem to have a bleak outcome due to the fact that more recently similar ideas surrounding sexual abuse of females within militaries have become more prevalent. In recent a recent survey The Israeli Defense Forces found that one in every six women had been sexually abused over the course of†¦show more content†¦Women have been participating in the United States military since the Revolutionary War, where they were nurses, maids, cooks and even spies. They played vital roles in order to keep those fighting on the front lines healt hier, and even a more important role in keeping commanding officers informed with private information stolen from the other side. Although the Revolutionary War took play in 1776, the first law to be passed that permanently stated that women have an official place in the military was in 1948, almost one hundred and seventy-two years later. Since that time there has been a lack of true growth when it comes to integration of females in the military. In 1994, a law was passed that tried to prohibit women from being assigned to ground combat units below the brigade level. Women are excluded from more then 25% of active combat roles within the military and only in 2013 was the ban lifted which was the final barrier to allowing women into all active roles. This has been a huge step in the direction for women being considered as being equal but there are still challenges that women face within the military. Ranging from sexual assault, discrimination, bullying, and other tactics, it is cle ar that for many, the military is still a â€Å"boys club.† In all areas of society, this idea of male superiority is evident. The very position of certain jobs, most often higher paying and thought to be only done by those with a higher IQ are meantShow MoreRelatedThe Supreme Court Of The United States852 Words   |  4 PagesSupreme Court of the United States did not apply sound reasoning in formulating their final opinion in Reed v. Reed. Even though, the Supreme Court’s decision was unanimous in ruling the Idaho statute unconstitutional because of violation to the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The reason why I believe that they did not apply sound reasoning in Reed v. Reed is because the level of scrutiny applied. The Supreme Court applied the rational basis test instead of strict scrutiny. Commonly, whenRead MoreEssay On The Equality For All Act1186 Words   |  5 Pagesintermediate scrutiny (age and/or gender), and rational basis (everything el se). # 1. Strict scrutiny: A socially non-discriminating law that is implemented in a discriminatory modus operandi on the basis of race, is an infringement on the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. For instance, in Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 (1886) Wo was discriminated against due to his national origin (Chinese). In the Supreme Court of the State of California, Wo was found guilty, fine, and sentenced toRead MoreMacedonian Culture And Greek Culture1442 Words   |  6 Pagesfreedom among the society and the military success of those cultures, it is clear that both of them resemble. For instance, Alexander the Great thought that he was a descendant of a Greek God and always wanted to show how Greek he was. This might be the reason why the Macedonian culture is very similar to the Greek culture. 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I doubt God intent such crimes, and since we can not feel and experience what these women going through we shouldRead MoreDBQ- minorities in world war II1338 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most important social and political gains of minorities and women. Evaluate this statement with regard to the experience of minorities and women during World War II. Use evidence from the documents and your knowledge of the period from 1941 to 1945 to compose your answer. Document A Document B Brigadier General B. 0. Davis to General Peterson, 9 November 1943 (Brigadier Davis had just completed an inspection of military bases in Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey and Michigan): Read MoreThe Shootings On Military Installations Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesIn the past 45 years, there have been 27 shootings on various military installations with an approximate total of 78 killed and 120 injured. 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With the infiltration of women in the services in 1972, great controversy has arisen and has become a highly argued issue (DonnellyRead MoreDiscrimination And Its Effects On The Military World War II1560 Words   |  7 Pagesrecent years, the United States military has been expanding and adjusting its policies to remove as much discrimination as possible. Although women have been allowed to enlist in the military since World War II, many positions and MOS’s in each branch do not permit women to perform them. Such positions are primarily combative, and require a large amount of physical and mental strength and endurance. While many feel t hat this is sexist and discriminates against women, it is simply a matter of whether

A Brief Note On Copyright And Remix Culture - 1777 Words

How to Not Follow Copyright Law: An Exploratory Essay on Copyright and Remix Culture As time goes by, the rate at which art changes increases at a seemly exponential rate. Our culture has more ways than ever to publish and distribute the things we make, and with the rise of the internet we can reach any audience with a Wi-Fi connection. This digital hyper-connectivity has led many artists to create new forms of art, some of which have gone on to start trends and cultures. One of these cultures that has become a significant part of online media is Remix Culture. The idea of taking someone else’s art and making it your own is embraced and cherished by some, and detested by others. As this genre of media has grown over the years, the line between what is and isn’t a remix has drastically blurred. Some will spend hours upon hours making a song sound completely different from its original counterpart, while others will simply chop it up and call it their own. Though laws were once effective when dealing with copyright infringement, the rate art has grown has significantly surpassed the rate at which these laws have changed. People are beginning to monetize their remixes in various ways, creating much controversy surrounding who should be getting paid, or if anyone should get paid at all. As artists, it is important to know what these laws are exactly, so we can either abide by them or find our own workarounds. As soon as a work is created in a tangible, fixed form, it is

Deforestation Cause and Effects Free Essays

â€Å"Scientist fear that 20 percent of the trees will be lost over the next two decades† (From â€Å"Last of the Amazon† by Scott Wallace). Deforestation can be caused by many things, natural or unnatural. The number one cause can be said to be illegal logging or erosion, but we all know that is not it. We will write a custom essay sample on Deforestation Cause and Effects or any similar topic only for you Order Now Deforestation in the world is caused by man and the effects are devastating to the environment and can also effect global warming. Man can cause deforestation because of his greediness to want everything. For example, loggers in the Amazon are illegally cutting down trees to either make space for crops and cattle, or to get the wood and sell it. Man can also show his greediness when it comes to money, well, to be exact gold. Back in the 1850’s when the gold rush started in California; people began to chop down redwood trees in order to build their homes and towns. Eventually, by the 1900’s most of the original old redwood forest was gone. As a result of man, the effects, such as deforestation, are devastating to the environment. In addition to all the illegal logging being done, erosion can affect the surrounding areas. Erosion washes away the soil that other trees or plants in the area need adding on to future deforestation. Furthermore, the mass logging being done can also disrupt the water cycle. By cutting down a large amount of trees, the rainfall in that area can decrease because the moisture released by the trees also decreased. As a matter of fact, this can then cause a drought and make things even worse. Global warming can also be elicited by deforestation. The cutting down of a large amount of trees can increase the amount of greenhouse gasses that can be released to the atmosphere. To illustrate, if trees are cut down, the amount of carbon dioxide that is taken by them decreases. As a result, the carbon dioxide that was not taken by the trees goes up to the atmosphere, trapping heat and creating global warming. Furthermore, trees are 50 percent carbon, meaning that when they have fallen or burned, the CO2 they store escapes back into the air. In summary, global warming and the devastation being done to the environment are all caused by deforestation taking place because man. In the end, the effects of man’s greediness have almost caused the extinction of the redwood tree and it is now affecting the whole world with global warming. In my opinion, there should be a law that makes loggers plant a new smaller tree after they cut down the big old one. How to cite Deforestation Cause and Effects, Essay examples

Ap Us History Dual Credit Debate Paper Jeffersons Greatness free essay sample

Abstract This paper explores five sources that outline the events leading up testosterones presidency, and the events during. Information is brought to light supporting claims Jefferson was indeed a great president. The articles touch on how Jefferson great morals and principles were related to his great decisions and in turn his greatness. The paper functions as a guide which highlights Jefferson remarkable reasoning, especially In difficult positions, through the use of understanding Jefferson thought process by means of quotes from Family Guardian Fellowship, as well as texts and adding pertaining to Jefferson.This research paper also counters claims of Jefferson mistakes, ineffectiveness, recklessness, and stupidity by the use of factual, reference information. The Great President Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was the principle leader In the American Revolution, the author of the Declaration of Independence, and a great third president of the united States of America.If one was to acknowledge and characterize a great president as an individual who defends the true and original principles of the federal constitution, ND the economic and civil liberties for which Americans had fought in t he revolution, then Thomas Jefferson should be regarded as one of the best presidents this nation has seen. Jefferson had a goal once In office, which was to restore the republican experiment, to check the growth of government power. ND to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule and this mission was accomplished successfully, and In combination with his perspicacious decisions regarding domestic affairs, foreign policy, and our economy, Jefferson was able to embody one of the greatest presidents of our great nation. A defining aspect of Thomas Jefferson was his belief In the American people being self-sufficient; Jefferson had a strong belief In agriculture and despised Industry. America was still a new and emerging nation, at the time, and needed to prove to the world they were an independent nation which could thrive and succeed on their own.Jefferson being a country man envisioned his country including self-sufficient farmers, and so strongly advocated agriculture. The ultimate and tactical goal of President Thomas Jefferson was to expand agriculture, aided with the Louisiana Purchase, and to do little as Seibel with Britain and other foreign nations In order to prevent conflict and further debt or turmoil. Jefferson also opposed most taxation except for the most minimal, believing that taxation caused more harm than it did good.Jefferson felt it took away from the American peoples income and diminished their happiness which was a concern for Jefferson as he kept his countries people close t o his heart. One of the most important taxes of Jefferson time was the excise tax placed on whiskey. Jefferson had once made a comment stating, A tax on whiskey Is to discourage its institution; a tax on foreign spirits encourages whiskey by removing Its rival from innocent consumption as broadcloths and silks; and ought, like them, to pay but the average ad valor duty of other imported comforts. All of them are ingredients in our happiness. This comment displays his great hatred toward the whiskey tax but also the general necessities due to the high national debt. Jefferson and his greatness, guided by his principles, were able to repeal this tax, make the people of America happy once again. Jefferson greatness is in the best way represented through his strive to lower the nations debt. In a matter of only eight years Jefferson was able to reduce national debt from a whopping eighty three million to fifty seven million, which is staggering and exceptionally great. He was able to do this through halving the size of the U. S. Navy and opposing public borrowing. By lowering the size of the U. S. Navy Jefferson was able to reduce U. S. Costs by nearly $600,000 a year. This was an extremely wise move on Jefferson part considering it also helped in not provoking war with Britain and France and managed to help the debt. Jefferson also made great sense of the immoral aspect of having a debt. This debt would be theirs now and again into the future so it is unfair for the future generations to have to deal with; those people never used that money so why should they have to pay it; this was the logic of Jefferson.Jefferson was rational and remarkably responsible; and responsibility is great and profound, especially when coupled with presidential power. Jefferson was a master in the art of negotiation and politeness, and was able to effortlessly acquire an extremely large area of land in the Louisiana Purchase, nearly doubling the land of the US. The purchase was considerable accomplishment, ND definitely one of Jefferson greatest. The purchase gave access to Mississippi river which was very beneficial for transportation and trade, and allowed for much m ore area to settle upon in the West. Although some say all credit goes to Napoleon of France for making the offer, it was Jefferson policy of neutrality that he firmly adhered to which made Napoleon comfortable giving up Louisiana especially when tensions were high with France and Britain. Some also state it was unconstitutional to cede Louisiana in the Louisiana Treaty, but Jefferson himself attempted to make an amendment directly stating the power however there was not enough time and the deal would fall through and in order to not let such a great offer slip away he had to act quickly in a time of great pressure.A great presidential quality and decision on his part which significantly changed the U. S. Jefferson was also able put the needs of the nation above his philosophical beliefs, that ceding the area was unconstitutional, which shows Jefferson was a very dedicated president, thus a very great president. Some also may say the purchase of fifteen million for the Louisiana territory hurt the cantonal debt, however keep in mind during his presidency he was also able to decrease national debt by nearly twenty-six million dollars and not stunt the growth and wealth of country with his wise purchase.His frugality and neutrality is what kept spending, debt, and peace intact and thus our nation intact. Another accomplishment during Jefferson presidency was the Embargo act which closed all trade in and out of the country, and although it did anger some citizens, it was a great tactic to remain neutral, promote industry, and domestic trade in turn strengthening the economy. Some say the act crippled or stifled growth of America, but remember national debt did not increase during Jefferson presidency so the was a strategic act that avoided war which would have been catastrophic for our nation.Jefferson practice and policy of neutrality was challenged in the early 19th century when Tripoli was demanding payment from European nations for the right to trade with them and to protect themselves from being attacked. Jefferson strongly opposed this violation of free trade, and refused the Tripoli pashas demand for more money in 1800 and therefore, the pasha declared war on the United States. In order to protect America, free trade, and national honor, Jefferson believed he had to engage Ame rica into this war.This may seem contrary to Jefferson goal to stay neutral, but Tripoli was the aggressor, and Jefferson had to enter this war for the protection of America. Jefferson wanted to remain neutral, independent, and uninvolved in European affairs to promote the happiness and protection of the nation. Naturally, in Europe, Britain and France were rivals, and to be caught between the two would be dangerous and would place much at stake.Yet Jefferson policy did not mean to impolitely ignore all European nations, but instead aimed to cultivate peaceful commerce and negotiations between the United States and European powers. Jefferson had the good intention of remaining neutral through the Embargo Act, but it proved to be ineffective by having no negative effect on French and British trade, however a success in that it did not harm the national debt. We cannot look at Jefferson few failures, faults, or mistakes, and remove his status as one of the greatest presidents.Jefferson did great things for the nations economy in his time. He built it around the people and the independence they wowed. His knowledge of the people of the nation and his determination to make his country flourish and remain intact portray his greatness in an extravagant and profound manner. He should not only be viewed as one of the nations greatest president but also as one of the greatest American men this country has ever known.Although he is criticized for his seemingly reckless decisions in purchasing Louisiana territory, placing an embargo, and even involving the nation in a war, they were apparently the right decisions, although not clear at the time, evident in the country engaging intact , the national debt being reduced, and emerging and further success. A brilliant man with great ideas, Thomas Jefferson had many accomplishments prior to and during his presidency.

An Introduction To Christian Mysticism A Review Of Revelation Of Life

An Introduction To Christian Mysticism: A Review of Revelation of Life Eternal Nicholas Arseniev was a professor of New Testament and Apologetics at St. Vladimir's He wrote over 174 articles and books and died in 1977. His Revelation of Life Eternal is described as "an introduction to the Christian message." It pulls together many different mystic perceptions and beliefs, and it is an excellent entry into the diverse world of Christian Mysticism. The introduction quickly pulls the reader in by asking several basic questions about why religion even exists at all. These questions are first answered with broad answers, then Arseniev focuses on why Christian Mysticism is the answer to these questions: "We have to believe in God, because this is Truth--life-giving Truth His Reality is something very earnest, very real: it is the only true Reality And He has to meet us, or rather we have to meet Him, for He meets us at every step" (8). This book is especially valuable to those of us who have little or no knowledge of Christian mysticism. It is broken into two parts, and each part is divided into chapters. Many of the chapters follow the pattern of the introduction by asking a broad question first, then defining it within the terms of the beliefs of the mystics. Basic Biblical stories are reviewed through easily comprehended but not patronizing language, allowing the reader to learn the background information for the beliefs of Christian Mysticism. The many sources consulted for the information shared in this book allows the reader to have some faith in what is being read. Many saints, religious books, and scholars are quoted, thus supporting the theories posed. The first chapter "Principles of Religious Cognition" explains why religion is indeed necessary and why humans are naturally drawn to question things that religion alone can answer. From proving this basic need for religion, Arseniev has a platform to prove his personal religious beliefs--those of Christian Mysticism. A few chapters later some of the problems in early and false religions are explored. As each different issue is dismantled, he is able to set up the premise of Christian Mysticism, which has lasted for hundreds of years--contrasting this with religions that have fallen. Plato is explored, thus pulling in platonic and neoplatonic beliefs, which have become integral part of contemporary mysticism and influenced many of the sources with which Arseniev refers. Christ's importance is explored in chapters about the Transfiguration, Resurrection, and Atonement--three of the basic supporting factors within Christian Mysticism. The book is wrapped up with chapters about the impo rtance of God's humility and love, most importantly God's ultimate love for us. I enjoyed this book for many reasons. The language is easy to understand, but it is beautiful and descriptive at the same time. I had little knowledge of Christian Mysticism before reading this book, so I found it to be an excellent introduction. As I read each chapter, the questions posed persuaded me to continue reading, because I became very interested in the answers to the questions. The questions were answered using reputable sources and answers that appealed to common sense and experience. I was actually surprised by how interested I became in the Orthodox church. This book appealed to the knowledge I already had of different religious beliefs, thus pointing out that Mysticism indeed could affect my life directly and keeping my interest high I would highly recommend this book to anyone who is interested in the Orthodox church but has little past experience with it. Nicholas Arseniev's book Revelation of Life Eternal is an excellent introduction to the basic beliefs within Christian Mysticism. It gives the beliefs and the history of religion in general before focusing on the development of Christian Mysticism. It is an excellent source of information on Christian Mysticism for anyone who has little or know knowledge of the subject beforehand

How to Get Your CDL in Montana and Ohio

How to Get Your CDL in Montana and Ohio If you live in Montana or Ohio, check this round up of state guidelines and see what you’ll need to do to be certified to drive safely behind the wheel of a commercial rig!  If you want to learn about earning a CDL at other states, we have put together a comprehensive guide on how to get a commercial driver’s license in every state of the country. MontanaThe following drivers must obtain a CDL:Class A CDLAny combination of vehicles with a GCWR (the loaded weight of a combination vehicle) of 26,001+ pounds, provided the GVWR(the loaded weight of a single vehicle)  of the vehicle(s) being towed is 10,000+ pounds.Class B CDLAny single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ poundsAny vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ pounds pulling a vehicle with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less.A single vehicle designed to transport 16+ passengers (including the driver), if the GVWR is 26,001+ pounds or more.Class C CDLAny vehicle with a GVWR of less than 26,001 pounds transporting hazardous mater ials for which placarding is requiredAny vehicle transporting 16+ passengers, including the driver, with a GVWR of less than 26,001 poundsAll first-time applicants must:Pass the vision and knowledge testsPresent a valid medical examiner’s certificateFulfill all other requirements for the class of vehicle you want to driveKnowledge TestThe knowledge test features questions on Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations and state laws. If you do not pass  a knowledge or endorsement test, you must wait until the next working day to try again. A total of three attempts to pass any combination of knowledge and drive tests are allowed on each set of receipts within one year from the purchase date of the receipts.Driving TestThe driving test includes a pre-trip inspection test to make sure you can identify truck and bus operating systems and inspect them for safety.The driving test also includes tests on: (1) 90-degree alley docking; (2) straight line backing; or (3) parallel parking . The test will take at least 60 minutes and will include starting, stopping, braking, turning, observing traffic signs and signals, using vehicle controls, observing other traffic, maintaining lane positions, downgrade, railroad crossing, upgrade, downgrade stopping, upgrade stopping, bridge and underpass clearance, and general observance of traffic laws and safe driving practices for trucks or buses.If you fail  the driving test, you must wait a minimum of seven days before attempting again.OhioYou must obtain a CDL if you intend to drive:Any combination of vehicles with a GVWR of at least 26,001 pounds, as long as the towed vehicle(s) have a GVWR of at least 10,000 poundsAny single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ pounds, or any vehicle towing a vehicle with a GVWR of less than 10,000 lbsAny single vehicle or combination of vehicles designed to transport at least 16 passengers including the driver, or is placarded for hazardous materialsAny school bus with a GVWR of less than 26, 001 pounds designed to transport 16+ passengers including the driver.Any vehicle transporting hazardous materials for which placarding is required by federal regulations.Any single vehicle or combination of vehicles that is operated on public roads and is considered to be a commercial motor vehicle (includes cranes, drilling rigs, etc.).Obtaining a PermitYou must  be at least 18 years old, and have a valid Ohio driver’s license.  You’ll need to pass both a vision test and at least one written knowledge test before you may be given a permit package. A general written test must be passed by all applicants. Additional tests will be given to those applying to drive: passenger vehicles, air brakes vehicles, combination vehicles, hazardous materials vehicles, tankers, and double or triple trailers.A  permit allows you  to drive a commercial vehicle when accompanied by a CDL holder sitting in the passenger seat.You are then eligible to take your skills test, the last step before obtaining a CDL.Skills/Road TestDrivers will be required to take this test in the class of vehicle they intend to drive. The test includes a pre-trip inspection, basic control skills maneuvering, and road skills driving tests. The applicant will be required to provide a vehicle for testing and must be accompanied by   a licensed driver for that vehicle.

Module 3 TD-HRM 401 - Recruitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Module 3 TD-HRM 401 - Recruitment - Essay Example Human resource management entails welfare of staff and performance hence through this evaluations will an organization realize its long-term goals. A human resource manager should be able to account for all the employees of a given organization. Plans should be based on performance of each individual. The organization may choose performance appraisal model to determine future cause of action. Each staff is given a target to achieve and when evaluating the actual output is compared to the target given hence giving the management the opportunity to recommendation positively or recommendation for improvement. The performance appraisals will eventually improve individual performance since each staff will be aiming for a reward hence performing above the set standards (Dransfield, 2000). The manager may use the Balanced Scorecard approach in his or her attempt to measure and improve individual performance. The approach links the employee directly to the output of the organization. The improvement of each employee will reflect on the overall performance of the company. The human resource will be compelled in designing formulas that w ill enhance individual performance and at the same time maximize on the potential of each individual. The contemporary performance management is aimed at maximizing employees input and hence maximizing on the organizational

A Critical Assessment of the Predominant HR Cultural and Institutional Term Paper

A Critical Assessment of the Predominant HR Cultural and Institutional Features in Germany and the UK - Term Paper Example The collective cultural dimensions are what drive either corporatist philosophy or neo-liberal policies. The UK institution is founded on neo-liberal principles which involve more consensus and shared decision-making whilst German institutions follow a more stringent corporatist philosophy. The extent and composition of HR strategies in both countries are strongly influenced by these evolutions that have occurred historically due to changes in society, business, and government. This essay seeks to examine the most critical cultural characteristics within Germany and the UK that influence the development of HR policy. The objective is to provide a critical comparison of both cultures as it relates to institutional philosophy, taking into consideration a variety of mitigating institutional features that predict positive HR performance or conflict using a respected cultural model (such as Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions framework) as a guiding source for HR development. The essay focuses primarily on individualism versus collectivism and the influence of tolerance for power distance in both countries from an institutional perspective to determine their disparate or congruent human resources policies and practices. Culture in the United Kingdom is dominantly individualistic. Individualism is considered a type of cultural characteristic in which the predominant values are ensuring well-being and utility for the self or direct kin in a traditional nuclear family context (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010; Hollinshead 2009; Hofstede 2001; Hofstede 1984). Individualists seek opportunities for unique self-expression and, oftentimes, these needs and beliefs manifest themselves in how the individual views their identity within the organization with many inherent demands for recognition for individual accomplishment.     

Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Evaluation - Essay Example This will require the audience to have basic knowledge on how relationships are made and maintained over the internet. Obviously, the readers will be familiar real relationships and, hence they will be interested in the comparison element of the evaluation. The audience is also expected to prefer face-to-face relationships. Consequently, the readers expect an evaluation that condemns cyberspace relationships. Responses to issues of increased fraud and cybercrime will be highly appreciated by the audience. The audience will also prefer an evaluation that handles the problem from an impact approach. Credibility of information will also be a requirement for the evaluation. It is evident that the audience will be moved by statistical facts particularly those associated with a government agency. Visual aids such as charts and graphs will provide an excellent comparison of both relationships. A recent incident in which a woman named Miller was coned thousands of dollars and valuables throu gh an online dating site by a man who posed as an Afghanistan based soldier, will be a sufficient motivation for my audience. The review will focus on both relationships from a non-partisan approach with the intentions of identify credible facts. Therefore, the readers should expect an evaluation that is solely composed facts, criticism and free of

Preventative Measures for Teenage Pregnancy

Preventative Measures for Teenage Pregnancy What is your narrowed topic? Be detailed in your answer. You can use any of the versions you’ve developed for prior assignments. The narrowed topic of my research paper is preventative measures for teenage pregnancy. The two preventative measures for teenage pregnancy that I have an argument for are an increase in good parenting practices and expansion of sex education in public schools. Who is your primary audience or reader? Why? Be detailed in your answer about your audience. My first primary audience is parents because they need to know how an increase in good parenting practices can prevent teens from becoming pregnant, and what good parenting practices they can execute to become a preventative measure. My second primary audience is public school administrators and teachers because they need to know how an expansion of sex education in public schools can prevent teens from becoming pregnant, and what elements they need to include in the program to make it a preventative measure. My third primary audience is adolescents because they need to know how to take advantage of good parenting practices and sex education in public schools in order to make these preventative measures for teenage pregnancy. In a sentence or short paragraph, what is your thesis statement, including your angle? Write what will appear in your essay. My point is that an increase in good parenting practices and an expansion of sex education in public schools can be effective preventative measures to reduce instances of teenage pregnancy. Parents can be primary sex educators for children, and public schools can be secondary sex educators for children to reinforce the primary sex educators. More instances of teen pregnancy are occurring because children are not receiving the knowledge they need about sex from parents and/or public schools. What topic sentences will you use as the foundation of your communication? (If necessary, add more points.) Teenage pregnancy is a social issue that is closely linked to other social issues—poverty and income, health issues, and education. Adolescents can become educated on the subject of sex and the consequences of teenage pregnancy. Parents can become primary sex educators for their children. Public school administrators and teachers can become secondary sex educators to reinforce the primary sex educators. What method of organization and development will you use to develop your paragraphs? Introduction: â€Å"Three in ten girls will be pregnant at least once before their 20th birthday† (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2014). Will one of those three girls be your daughter, your girlfriend, your son’s girlfriend, a student at your school, or will it be you? This would not have to be a worry if society would help change that statistic. There are preventative measures that can be provided to adolescents, so we can avoid the social issue of teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy is a social issue that is closely linked to other social issues—poverty and income, health issues, and education. The problem has a significant impact on society as a whole. So, what if society could help reduce this issue from occurring? An increase in good parenting practices and an expansion of sex education in public schools can be effective preventative measures to reduce instances of teenage pregnancy. If children receive more knowledge about sex from parents and/or public schools, society will start to see fewer instances of teenage pregnancy, therefore making teenage pregnancy less of a social issue. Teenage birth rates were higher prior to 1980. According to the U.S. Department of Health Human Services (2013), â€Å"Teen birth rates in the United States have declined almost continuously since the early 1990s.† There are still instances of teenage pregnancy that can be prevented in today’s world. Adolescents, parents, and public school administrators and teachers all have their part in preventing teenage pregnancy. Body: Teenage pregnancy is a social issue that is closely linked to other social issues—poverty and income, health issues, and education. Teen mothers face financial problems and most likely have to rely on public assistance. The baby can face health issues at birth and later in its life. Teen mothers rarely finish high school and hardly ever get a degree from college. Adolescents can become educated on the subject of sex and the consequences of teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy affects the mother, baby, and others related to the situation. Teens need to take advantage of good parenting and sex education in public schools. Parents can become primary sex educators for their children. They need to have open and clear communication with their children about sex and relationship decisions. Parents need to include their expectations for their child’s sexual behavior. Public school administrators and teachers can become secondary sex educators to reinforce the primary sex educators. They need to include sex education classes in the school curriculum. Children can learn about safe sex and the consequences of unsafe sex. Conclusion: I will state the importance of my claim by stating main points differently than I did in the paper. I will use a dramatic closing that relates to the opening of the paper to hit on the audiences’ emotions and relevance to the topic. I will close with a memorable and logic statement that will keep the readers thinking about what actions they should take after reading the paper. Preventative Measures for Teenage Pregnancy â€Å"Three in ten girls will be pregnant at least once before their 20th birthday† (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2014). Will one of those three girls be your daughter, your girlfriend, your son’s girlfriend, a student at your school, or will it be you? This would not have to be a worry if society would help change that statistic. There are preventative measures that can be provided to adolescents, so we can avoid the social issue of teenage pregnancy. Not only has teenage pregnancy occurred many times in my hometown, but I have witnessed close friends and family members go through it as well. I have observed the consequences they face on a daily basis, the impact it has on their future, and the effects it has had on their baby. I am not an expert on the topic of teenage pregnancy, so I have included ideas from the National Conference of State Legislatures, Swierzewski, and the U.S. Department of Health Human Services. Teenage pregnancy is a social issue that is closely linked to other social issues—poverty and income, health issues, and education. The problem has a significant impact on society as a whole. So, what if society could help reduce this issue from occurring? Adolescents can become educated on the subject of sex and the consequences of teenage pregnancy by listening to their parents and taking sex education classes. Parents can become primary sex educators for their children by communicating with them about sex and relationship decisions. Public school administrators and teachers can become secondary sex educators to reinforce the primary sex educators by including sex education in the school curriculum. An increase in good parenting practices and an expansion of sex education in public schools can be effective preventative measures to reduce instances of teenage pregnancy. Good parenting practices will help children learn appropriate sexual behavior, and children will have more clear communication about life decisions with their parents. An expansion of sex education in public schools will help children learn the specifics about safe sex and the consequences about unsafe sex. If children receive more knowledge about sex from parents and/or public schools, society will start to see fewer instances of teenage pregnancy, therefore making teenage pregnancy less of a social issue. Teenage birth rates were higher prior to 1980. According to the U.S. Department of Health Human Services (2013), â€Å"Teen birth rates in the United States have declined almost continuously since the early 1990s.† â€Å"Teen pregnancy has declined 42 percent, and the teen birth rate is down 52 percent† (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2014). Even though research is showing teenage pregnancy instances are declining, â€Å"Just over 305,000 babies were born to teen girls in 2012† (U.S. Department of Health Human Services, 2013). There are still instances of teenage pregnancy that can be prevented in today’s world. Adolescents, parents, and public school administrators and teachers all have their part in preventing teenage pregnancy, but we will first address the adolescent’s part. If an adolescent is not open to learning from his or her parents or teachers, then he or she is more likely to face the consequences of teenage pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy affects the lives of the mother, the baby, and others related to the situation. According to the U.S. Department of Health Human Services (2013), â€Å"Teen mothers are less likely to finish high school, more likely to rely on public assistance, more likely to be poor as adults, and more likely to have children who have poorer educational, behavioral, and health outcomes over the course of their lives than do kids born to older parents.† â€Å"Only 40 percent of teen mothers finish high school† (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2014). Many teen mothers lose their support system or give up on their goals because they see them as impossible to reach. Babies born to teen mothers face challenges and sometimes even more than the mother. Many teenage mothers are more likely to give birth to babies with low birthweight. â€Å"Low-birthweight babies are more likely to have organs that are not fully developed, which can result in complications, such as bleeding in the brain, respiratory system disorders, and intestinal problems† (Swierzewski, 2011). Figure 1: Teenage Mother Waits for Her Premature Baby  Ã‚   Figure 1: This teenage mother is waiting to see if her premature baby made it after birth. Giving birth to premature babies is another risk of teenage pregnancy that can emotionally affect the mother and lead to health risks for the baby. Source: Swierzewski (2011). As shown in Figure 1, teenage pregnancy causes emotional stress on the teen mother, but the child is at risk for stress later on in its life as well. â€Å"Children born to teenage mothers are at an increased risk for abuse and neglect† (Swierzewski, 2011). â€Å"Boys born to teen mothers are 13 percent more likely to be incarcerated, and girls are 22 percent more likely to become teenage mothers themselves later in their lives† (Swierzewski, 2011). It is just as important for male adolescents to be knowledgeable about sex and teenage pregnancy consequences as it is for female adolescents. â€Å"An estimated nine percent—or 900,000—of young men between the ages of 12 and 16 will become fathers before their 20th birthday† (U.S. Department of Health Human Services, 2013). Now, adolescents have to decide how they will help prevent instances of teenage pregnancy from occurring. â€Å"The only certain way to avoid unwanted pregnancies is to abstain from sexual intercourse† (U.S. Department of Health Human Services, 2013). However, adolescents should be open and honest when communicating about sex to their parents and/or teachers. Adolescents should ask specific questions and request specific answers. They should make sure they are listening to the good parenting practices of their parents and take advantage of sex education classes in school. If the school does not offer sex education classes, approach an administrator or teacher to ask if classes can be an option for the school. References National Conference of State Legislatures. (2014, January 22). Teen Pregnancy Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/teen-pregnancy-prevention.aspx Swierzewski, S. J., III. (2011, December 9). Teen Pregnancy. Remedy’s HealthCommunities.com. Retrieved from http://www.healthcommunities.com/teen-pregnancy/children/overview-of-teen-pregnancy.shtml U.S. Department of Health Human Services. (2013, December 20). Teen Pregnancy and Childbearing. Office of Adolescent Health. Retrieved from http://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-health-topics/reproductive-health/teen-pregnancy/index.html#.UufzeaHnbIU

Eleanor Roosevelt Essay -- President Politics Papers

Eleanor Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt’s work has made a significant impact on the interpersonal domain. Her work touched the lives of millions of Americans and influenced many aspects of American politics. She was a master of her domain, interacting with millions and breaking down many barriers. Her work can be considered creative because it was so unconventional. She took on roles that were considered untraditional for women, and with an innovative approach. I admire her work as a leader, a woman, and a creative individual. Although I cannot imagine having as far reaching an impact as Eleanor Roosevelt, I hope to be strong in the interpersonal domain. As an organizational leadership major, the traits of the interpersonal domain would be strong assets for me in any career. On any level, I have a deep appreciation for her ability to help people and change lives. Eleanor Roosevelt is a master of the interpersonal domain because she could interact with anyone and she touched the lives of millions. Childhood and Early Experiences Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was born in New York City on October 11, 1884 (Youngs 26). Her parents were both from prominent families, part of the ‘Old New York and Hudson River’ aristocracy. Many of her ancestors had played significant roles in American history (Lash 6). Her mother, Anna Hall Roosevelt, had been a debutante, and was considered one of the most beautiful women of her time. Eleanor’s father, Elliot, was a sportsman, and a handsome man (Youngs 15). Eleanor was an intelligent and happy child, who was doted on by her parents. While she spent time with her parents, she was also close to her nurse, who played a large part in raising her. Eleanor’s first language was French... ...ew York: Penguin Books, 1992. Gardner, Howard. Creating Minds. New York: Basic Books, 1993. Goodwin, Doris Kearns, â€Å"Eleanor Roosevelt.† Time. 13 Apr. 1998: 122+. Lash, Joseph P. Life Was Mean to be Lived. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1984. Means, Marianne. The Woman in the White House. New York: Random House, 1963. Roosevelt, Eleanor. The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt. New York: Harper And Brothers Publishers, 1937. Scharf, Lois. Eleanor Roosevelt: First Lady of American Liberalism. Boston:Twayne Publisher, 1987. Steinberg, Alfred. Mrs. R.: The Life of Eleanor Roosevelt. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1958. West, J.B. Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies. New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1973. Youngs, J. William T. Eleanor Roosevelt: A Personal and Public Life. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 2000.

Encs 282 Assignment Sheet: Rhetorical Analysis

ENCS 282 Assignment Sheet: Rhetorical Analysis The purpose of this assignment is to pick a particular rhetorical message (that is, a message that attempts to persuade you to do or to believe something) and analyze the content of that message to determine the purpose, intended audience, argument, persuasive strategies, and modes of appeal that the message employs. In order to do this, I will assign you an image/video (I call it an artifact) from science/engineering – students in Jordan’s tutorials will have to analyse this image: ttp://www. geek. com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/intel_ad_campaign_rock_stars. jpg Students in Nancy’s tutorials will analyse this commercial: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=wGSHKNacB6Q Both images/videos are attempting to persuade a particular audience. Your goal will be to understand the basic structure of an attempt at persuasion in order to see how persuasion works. Your assignment will be due on the 26th of March 2013. Please adher e to the following guidelines: ) Examine/watch your artifact carefully, and identify the main claim being made. 2) Begin your paper with an introductory paragraph which overviews the main strategies of persuasion that the artifact employs. 3) Next, you will be required to write a Toulmin’s model of warranted assent diagram to explain the attempts to persuade the reader. This includes a demonstration of the major claims made in the artifact and the warrant for those claims, as well as the implied justification of the artifact’s claims.This section should be at least two paragraphs and at most four paragraphs long. 4) Next identify the intended audience for the image/video and analyze whether or not the ways in which the argument that the media makes is uniquely fit for that particular audience. This section should be at least two paragraphs long. You should write about the article’s language, tone, and style, and how these features help define the audience. 5) Th en, you will critique each of the artifact’s justifications.This section should also be at least two paragraphs long. Why shouldn’t we agree with this claim? Is the justification offered a good one? What can the essay do better to be more persuasive? 6) Finally, craft a conclusion that reviews both your explanations of the justifications of the media’s position and your critique of those justifications. 7) Each rhetorical analysis paper should be between 3 and 5 pages long. The papers should be double-spaced and use Times New Roman font and 1† margins.

John Calvin and the Protestant Reformation Essay

This paper is devoted to the period of Protestant Reformation in France and the key figure of this process- John Calvin. John Calvin was a Protestant theologian and the developer of the famous Calvinism theology as a system of Christian church. He is well known for his written works and his teachings, but not many know about his role played in Michael Servetus’s execution. These and some other issues will be discussed in this research. John Calvin was born under the name of Jean Chauvin in Picardie, in France. His father sent him to Paris in 1523 to get ready for the priesthood. There Calvin studied in College de la Marche and then in College de Montaigu till 1528. As he was doing quite well in ecclesiastics, he gained the chaplaincy and the curacy of Saint Martin de Martheville from his native city (Tracy, 1999). In 1529 Calvin resigned chaplaincy for the benefit of his younger brother, but however two years later he resumed and was holding it till 1534 (Gordon, 2002). Calvin proved to be a good student, but his father, who by the year 1528 had problems in relations with the ecclesiastic authorities in Noyon, took a decision, that his son should study law instead. John didn’t argue and went to Orleans, to study law at the university there. In a year he moved to another university and took classes of Andrea Alciati. During his studies at both universities Calvin was very much under the impact of Melchior Wolmar, who was a leader of humanist ranks and was a supporter of Reformation ideas. When in 1531 the father of Calvin died, he had to come back to Paris and take up study of Hebrew. In 1532 John spent another year in Orleans as a student of law again. In spring of the same year he paid his own money for publishing the text of Seneca’s De Clementia, adding his commentary. This was a confirmation of his humanistic views in connection with the Roman Church. At the same time the ideas of Reformation were rapidly spread in France, Calvin however was moving step by step to his position, he wrote in his commentary to Psalms that he â€Å"was too obstinately devoted to the superstitions of popery to be easily extricated from so profound an abyss of mire. † (Barth, 1995). One of his friends, who also shared the ideas of Reformation, was Nicolas Cop. When he became the rector of Paris University, they decided to use the chance to present their comments concerning the Reformation in front of cultured and intelligent audience. In November 1533 Cop held a speech in the Church of the Mathurins, which they gave the title â€Å"Christian Philosophy†, meaning the Gospel. The relation, he built between Law and Gospel, was closely connected to the ideas of Luther. The final part of the speech was however independent and more concentrated on the one of the features of Calvinism, namely – salvation. The speech had all chances to produce a vivid impression on the audience and to attract supporters, but Cop spoke negatively about the hierologists of Sorbonne and called them â€Å"sophists†. This certainly caused their indignation, they sought for support from the government, and Cop had to escape. Calvin followed him due to their known close relation, but risked to return very soon. He couldn’t get rid of his fears, that his support of Reformation ideas could be followed by imprisonment, like it was the case with some other reformers. He decided to become a wanderer in 1534, all the time changing his name. Two and a half years he was going from place to place, was imprisoned in Noyon, visited Paris, where he met Servetus for the first time. In Orleans he published his Psychopannychia, confutation of the theory about sleeping soul between death and the Last Judgment (Gordon, 2002). In 1535 Calvin visited Strasburg under the name of Basel. There he finished his â€Å"Institutes of the Christian Religion†, about the book he wrote: â€Å"My objects were, first, to vindicate my brethren whose death was precious in the sight of the Lord; and next that, as the same cruelties might very soon after be exercised against many unhappy individuals, foreign nations might be touched with at least some compassion toward them and solicitude about them. † (Barth, 1995). After he had published this work, he worked in Ferrara in the court of Duchess Renee. A year later he met his younger brother Antoine and his half-sister Marie in Paris. He traveled with them to Strasburg, but because of the war, had to go to Geneva, planning to remain only one night there. But Farel Guillaume, one of the like-minded persons, convinced him to stay there. Two years he spent at the side of Farel, but still the city could not stand the significant reforms offered by the Reformers and on Easter Monday in 1538 they both were ordered to leave the city. Calvin traveled to Strasburg, where he became minister to the French refugees in the Church of St. Nicolas (Brady, 1994). Two years later he married Idelette de Bure, widow of Jean Stordeur of Liege, an Anabaptist, whom Calvin managed to turn into pedobabtist. They had a son, who lived only several days. Idelette de Bure died in 1549 and Calvin never married for the second time. Calvin didn’t have the plans to return to Geneva as his financial situation was rather poor at that moment, but very soon he got the opportunity to improve his position. In Strasburg he managed to practice the reform, which he could not launch in Geneva, and his fame started to grow very quickly. He received an offer to come out with a course of cathedral lectures. In 1539 Cardinal Jacopo Sadoleto sent a letter to Geneva, asking for it to be returned to Roman obedience and Bern government gave the right to answer to Calvin. There were serious changes in the government of Geneva, and as a result the friends if Calvin won the power in the city. For the second time Calvin followed the arguments of Farel and went to Geneva. He knew perfectly, that there were a lot of his enemies, and that not everybody was ready to support him, but his faith in God was his major support. The government prepared a house for him and a corresponding salary. His work in Geneva started, the city turned into his main, but not the only one, center of activity. Geneva was a place, that gathered a lot of refugees from Holland, Italy, England, Spain, who were ready to listen and to support the ideas of Calvin. Also a number of students visited his lectures. His fame was growing, and more and more people were standing by him. At the age of fifty-five he died because of a disease. For Geneva he left one hundred and seventy dollar, faith, education and reconstructed government. Calvin chose Apostle’s Creed as the basis for his ideas, at the same time closely relating theology and ethics. Calvin’s reformation was practical, with the strongest emphasis on the doctrine of predestination; he tried to teach people of the city to refer to it as a cornerstone of the Christian faith. Opposed to lenient views concerning grace and sin, propagated by the Roman Church, the Augustinian doctrine recovered in his words. Calvin did his best to change the face of Protestantism, as he managed to address openly and directly the matters, which other reformers didn’t know or didn’t want to discuss (Brady, 1994). His main target was the proper organization of the church governance and social organization of the church in the city. He was said to be the first politic leader, who was able to build the social organization based on biblical principles. He brought very significant innovation, namely by incorporating church into the government of the city (Cameron, 1991). In the middle of 1550s the structure of Geneva was changed completely in accordance to Calvin’s ideas. As a result Geneva became the most important center of Protestantism in Europe and attracted the persecuted refugees from other countries. The branch of Calvin’s reforms became the prevalent branch of Protestantism from the seventeenth century. Calvin had the same problems as Luther with Anabaptists. On the 16-17 of March in 1537 he had a public meeting with them, and using his strong argumentation disposed of their ideas, as confirmed by Council of Two Hundred. Along with a great number of supporters Calvin had his opponents as well. Calvin played a very important role in the execution of Michael Servetus – â€Å"the Spanish physician, radical reformer (‘Anabaptist’), and unitarian. † (Gordon, 2002). In 1531 Servetus published his ideas denouncing the Trinity, which was the key doctrine Catholics and Protestants could agree about. Three years later Calvin agreed to meet Servetus in person in Paris, Servetus however didn’t appear. From 1546 till 1548 they exchanged letters, trying to convince each other, but finally Calvin had to stop the correspondence, as it was growing more and more rancorous. In 1553 Servetus was sentenced to death in absentia by Inquisition in Spain for spreading heresy. Calvin provided very important evidences to support the conviction. Servetus escaped from the prison, but was again arrested in Geneva on the initiative of Calvin. This time he was sentenced to burning on a stake, which took place in 1553. Then Servetus was buried together with the copy of his last work – De Trinitatis Erroribus. Servetus was the only one, who was sentenced to death for his religious beliefs during the lifetime of Calvin, and there is finally no agreement about the correctness of Calvin’s actions concerning this issue. Hundreds of years later modern Calvinists do not support the actions of Calvin towards Servetus. Nowadays persecution, and what is more death sentence for religious beliefs and positions, seems to be barbarous. Calvin was certainly not the only reformer. The ideas of Calvin and Farel were really close, but Farel was a missionary, a preacher and not theologian or even less a statesman. Calvin, being French would probably not be able to spread his influence so successfully either in Zurich or in Wittenberg, as Zwingli and Luther did it. Calvin was much younger than Luther and Zwingli and had an advantage of having a good foundation for spreading his ideas. He managed to build a system based on their new ideas. He proved to be better organizer and better thinker, at the same time lacking their genius and activity. His life was not as dramatic as those of Luther or Zwingli; he didn’t possess that genial humor or was able to raise popular enthusiasm. And still he remained the most influential Reformer of the Protestant Church. References: Barth, K. (1995). The Theology of John Calvin, tr. by G. W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans. Brady, T. (1994). Handbook of European History, 1400–1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation. Leiden and New York. Breen, Q. (1968). John Calvin: A Study in French Humanism. Cameron, E. (1991). The European Reformation. Oxford and New York. Gordon, B. (2002). The Swiss Reformation. Manchester, U. K. , and New York. Tracy, J. (1999). Europe’s Reformations, 1450–1650. Lanham, Md.

Using Electrophoresis To Determine The Sickle Cell Disease I essays

Using Electrophoresis To Determine The Sickle Cell Disease I essays Title: Using Electrophoresis To Determine The Sickle Cell Disease In Hemoglobin Electrophoresis is the movement of charged molecules under the influence of an electric field. Because amino acids and proteins are charged molecules, they migrate in an electric field at appropriate pH values. Hemoglobin is the major protein inside red blood cells. Its primary function is to transport oxygen. When used in an electrophoresis experiment traits and diseases are easily determined because of where the proteins and amino acids migrate on the gel plate. When oxygen concentration in the blood decrease the defective molecule forms long crystals inside the red blood cells to elongate and assume a sickle shape. The crystallized hemoglobin also damages the cell membrane so that the cells become very fragile. Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder that is caused by a single amino acid change in the hemoglobin. In this particular experiment, electrophoresis was used to distinguish whether or not each sample of blood was normal hemoglobin, blood with the sickle cell tra it, or blood with the sickle cell disease. The hypothesis concerning this experiment was that considering the hemoglobin of sickle cell disease has a different amino acid that normal hemoglobin or a carrier for the disease it will migrate to a different space on the gel plate than the normal hemoglobin or carrier. The hemoglobin that is a carrier for sickle cell disease has both amino acids, therefore, it will fill both the space designated for normal hemoglobin as well as the diseased hemoglobin. Predicted Resulted As seen in the charts supplied above the predicted outcome was achieved in the performed experiment. In column one the sample was read as normal hemoglobin, in column three it was sickle cell, and finally in column ...

International Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Human Resource Management - Essay Example In such circumstances, it becomes difficult for the employees working in foreign countries to cope with culture that drastically varies in almost all aspects of the business (Ronny et al., 2007). This may create stressful impact on the expatriate employees. Hence, it becomes necessary for the organisation to provide necessary cross-cultural training to those employees selected for relocation in the foreign countries (Xu, 2011). Literature Review According to Nikolaeva (2010), it is vital for the organisations to provide and prepare expatriates with extensive training before departure in order to ensure that the expatriates are familiar with the cultural differences between the native and the host country. Accordingly, the author emphasises that proper training is extremely necessary for the expatriates, which should reduce any possibility of cultural shock (Nikolaeva, 2010). As per Scagliotti and Mujtaba (2010), pre-departure training creates a comprehensive support system for the ex patriates and makes them familiar with the foreign culture that extensively helps them to reduce their stress in the foreign land. At the same time, they claim that providing cross-cultural training to the expatriates helps the entire organisation to gain substantial knowledge of the cultural differences between the native and the host nation (Scagliotti and Mujtaba, 2010). According to Morrison and Conaway (2007), the organisation operating internationally may suffer from the cultural shock which may hurt its profitability and render organisational initiatives to be inefficient. Hence, it is necessary for the organisation

Eve and Adam, Remark of the savages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eve and Adam, Remark of the savages - Essay Example The author argues that even though it is generally accepted that Adam is the name of the first male to be created by God, the Hebrew terms Adham is in fact neutral and can be used for both sexes. The second main idea and important point the author presents in the article is that Eve, the first woman, was created through a divine act and not because Adam requested God to do so due to loneliness. The author, in trying to explain that the perceived male superiority is not fact, quotes Genesis 2:18 where God makes the decision to create a helper or â€Å"ezer† in Hebrew for Adam. She informs us that the word â€Å"ezer† is usually used to define a mutual and equal relationship between people and does not indicate inferiority as is always perceived. The thesis of this writing by Benjamin Franklin is the suggestion that Native Americans experienced hypocrisy from the White Europeans which the author points out by giving examples in the value of respect between the two nations of people. The first main idea and most interesting point the author puts forward is a depiction of the ways in which the Indians behaved and went about their daily lives although the White Europeans always thought of them as a backward people. Franklin gives examples such as the hospitable nature of the Indians whereby he says they were always more than ready to help out strangers whereas the English were more concerned about how much money one had before deciding to help them out. The author also shows how much respect and decorum the Indians had during debates and when talking. He gives the example of public debates where in the Indian culture, they would listen until one finished talking while in the European culture, they were accustomed to shouting an d yelling. Another main idea and important point in the writing is that of satire and hypocrisy, the author, in

The Short Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Short Story - Essay Example This story utilizes a great deal of symbolism to tell the story of divine justice and retribution. Much of the action takes place under the Juniper Tree, which was typically associated in folklore with witches and the unnatural things they could do with their magic. This is reinforced by the blood sacrifice, however accidental, of the first wife and her surety of having a child as well as by her foreknowledge of her own death. Other instances of witchcraft occurring under the tree include the young daughter’s placement of the bones under the tree and the transformation of the bones into the beautiful bird that is then able to act on his own. It also uses the Biblical symbolisms of the Evil One, who continuously influences the second wife to do evil to the young son and the form of the apple. The second wife uses the apple to tempt the young son to the trunk with the sharp lock on it that functions to behead him and an apple is used to entice the daughter to strike her brother, causing her to feel his death is her fault. Although it is a story of retribution, the husband and the daughter suffer no ill effects because their participation in the boy’s murder were unintentional, unlike the second wife’s deliberate entrapment and murder. The husband was not aware that the boy’s body had been cut into the stew he ate and the daughter realistically played no part in the murder yet suffered a great deal of grief over his loss. Therefore, the husband received a golden necklace, to remind him to always be mindful of what he swallows while the daughter received a pair of apple red shoes to remind her to always watch her steps. Like the Grimm’s Brothers â€Å"Juniper Tree†, Edgar Allen Poe’s story â€Å"The Black Cat† deals with the concept of retribution or justice. In this story, the main character has a fondness for a cat that gradually turns to hatred as the man is overtaken by alcoholism. He first cuts out an eye of the cat and then hangs him.

Compare and contrast Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast Essay Bodhisattva is a special illumination where the adept is believed to be awakened to minds of greater power. Buddhists believe that in bodhisattva the individual is made to obtain an enlightened thought. This kind of illumination obtained has to originate from the universal mind. Through this the adept receives a divine power that flows in his own body, stimulates his sense receptors to make him enjoy an inward spiritual awakening in his whole body (Robinson and Johnson, pg 271-296). Tantric adept focuses on the use of sound of the goddess in order to bring oneness of body, soul and spirit. This makes the individuals attain the ability to expel emotional pain, self depression and individual despair. Tantra implies the process of having a sense of mythical vibrations and sounds. Buddhism and Hinduism believe that through the worship of the goddess, the tantrans acquire a self realization and awareness. BODHISATTVA AND THE TANTRIC ADEPT Bodhisattva is believed to consider the destruction of an era to be as a result of oneself. Atman is thought to be the case where the individual deserves the punishment and the eventual destruction. In most cases this results in the complete extinction of a generation. Tantric adept on the other hand considers the destruction of an era to emerge from duality. In its expression, it opposes the unity that is believed to lead to the realization of Atman. In Bodhisattva, the main identity is Chimaminda which stands for kali. It describes the victory of the Buddhist as followers of Buddha the goddess (De Bary, William, 2003 chapter 1, 2, 3, 4). Tantric adept on the other hand focuses on chinamasta which Hindus consider to be associated with Kama and Rati. This iconography means the process of copulating bodies. It basically demonstrates the creation and his eventual destruction to be part of the human cycle. Prior to Bodhisattva the adept is expected to receive an element called archetype of Buddha. This is the knowledge that erupts all over suddenly without the individual realizing. This same concept is seen in tantric adept which advocates for self realization. Bodhisattva advocates for an inward awakening of the individuals to know what they did not know (Robinson and Johnson, pg. 130-137). The adept should therefore receive a prior archetype of Buddha. This knowledge acquisition is sudden while Tantric adept advocate for women enrolment in Tantra because of the special place they have in the society. Tantric adept encourages initiations which will allow women spiritual and aspiration desires to come to a fulfillment whereas Bodhisattva perceives men to be more superior to women in all spheres. In both Bodhisattva and tantric adept, chinnamaster are understood through having a prior knowledge of Kundalini yoga, susumna, Ida and Pingala. These are the major four channels of great importance to Buddhism and Hinduism. Having a perception of duality is believed to be caused by the inability of the two channels to enter the susumna when it is closed. When the tantric adept has acquired the knowledge of having a feeling of free blood circulation right from the central part, the individual is said to be self realized. The tantric thus uses the knowledge learnt to untie the knots creating undisrupted flow of energy. Both Bodhisattva and Tantric adept considers the goddess head to show destruction of generation (De Bary, William, 2003 chapter 1, 2, 3, 4). The teachings involved in Bodhisattva are hard and quite longer than those of tantric adept. There is only one sudden enlighten at gotra. However this kind of experience lives the adept with wounds of how to master bodhisattva as a way of living. CHARACTERISTICS OF TANTRIC ADEPT All acquired merits are shared which allows an individual to be free from all calamities. Due to this the Buddhist lives together peacefully. Characteristics of prosperity originates from Buddha Worship is done in twenty different ways followed by a dedication for acceptance The Bodhisattva have undergo initiation CHARACTERISTICS OF BODHISATTVA Its basis is on the inward awakening of the individuals It is characterized with an element called archetype Believes in a sudden knowledge acquiring There activity and career are long and hard making enlightens to be above gotra. SPIRITUAL AND SOCIAL GOALS OF THE BODHISATTVA AND THE TANTRIC ADEPT Their spiritual belief is on the worship of goddess called Buddha Spiritually it is recommended for the Hindus and the Buddhists to only take refuge in Budda, dhamna and Sangha. These centers are commonly referred to as the Sarangamana. Spiritually they recommend the recognition of the good deeds of an individual. This is encouraged in the spiritual context of the Buddhist to be a sincere approval of them. The Bodhisattva and Tantric adept considers all its faithful to be ignorant. Buddha therefore has a responsibility to provide guidance to the individuals (De Bary, William, 2003 chapter 1, 2, 3, 4). This is called Yacana according to the Buddha perspective. Spiritually teachings of Buddha are not just meant for an individual. These teachings should be offered to others. This merit is meant to inculcate positively of the persons and is referred to as Parimmana. Spiritually every one who subscribe to this faith is expected to develop bodhisattva. Work cited De Bary, William. The Buddhist Tradition. USA: Random house, Inc. 2003. Robinson and Johnson. Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction 4th Ed. USA: Wadsworth publishing Company, 2006. Keith Dowman. Sky Dancer. Nepal, USA: Snow Lion, 1996

Case Study: Urachal Carcinoma in a Young Man

Case Study: Urachal Carcinoma in a Young Man A rare case of urachal carcinoma in a young man Young Kwon Hong, Haeyoun Kang1, Moon Hyung Kang, Dong Soo Park INTRODUCTION Urachal carcinoma accounts for less than 1% of bladder cancers and approximately 40% of vesical adenocarcinomas. Historically, patients tend to have a poor prognosis, with 5-year survival rates of 6.5–61.0%. Therefore it is important to detect the disease as early as possible. Most urachal cancers have been reported at the middle or old age, and it is hard to think that urachal remnant has malignant change in a young man at the age of twenties. Here we introduce a very rare urachal cancer case in a young man and we would like to remind that urachal remnants have potential to change from benign to malignant as earlier than expected. CASE REPORT A 26 year old man visited our clinic with gross hematuria starting a few months ago. Urinalysis showed many RBC, and CT scan showed a 4.0 x 6.8 cm sized lobulated cystic mass over the bladder dome which was located midline to the right side. The mass has calcified thick wall with suspicious contrast enhancement (Fig 1). Cystoscopy showed a ball-shape extrinsic mass from the bladder dome with intact bladder mucosa (Fig 2). With an impression of urachal cancer laparoscopic surgery was performed. Camera port was placed 5cm above the umbilicus, and two instrument ports were placed 7cm lateral and 2cm caudal to the camera port. Anterior peritoneum was dissected deep and widely from the level of umbilicus down to the UB including median umbilical ligament and part of both medial umbilical ligaments. Cystoscope was introduced from the urethra into the bladder to illuminate the margin of the mass and to facilitate keeping enough distance from the mass during laparoscopic partial cystectomy. Bladder was repaired continuously with 4-0 vicryl suture. After placing a closed suction drain the mass was wrapped into an Endo CatchTM bag and squeezed out through the extended umbilicus opening. A Foley catheter was inserted into the bladder and the port sites were closed. Cross section of the surgical specimen showed a unilocular cyst without definite solid part, filled with gray tan to brownish thick mucus material. It also showed whitish to yellowish thick wall with multifocal calcifications (Fig 3). Immunohistochemical staining was strong positive on CEA, positive on CD15 (LeuMI), and weak positive on CK7 and CK20. Final diagnosis was well differentiated mucinous urachal adenocarcinoma invading bladder muscle, pT3a based on Sheldon’s staging system, pT2b based on Mayo system, and pT2 based on Ontario system. Surgical margin was negative. DISCUSSION Malignant involvement of the urachus is rarely reported, one in 5 million people, accounting for 0.35% to 0.7% of all bladder cancers [1]. It has been reported mostly in adults over 30 years old. To our best knowledge, only one adult case of urachal carcinoma diagnosed before the age of 26 has been reported in the English written literature, although two cases have been reported in 15 year-old girls [2-7]. The youngest adult case in a 22 year-old patient is found on MD Anderson cancer center experience written by Siefker-Radtke et al [4]. According to the MSKCC study of 24 cases, two young men who was 26, 29 years old each found to have urachal cancer [5]. The 26 year-old man received extended partial cystectomy, umbilectomy and pelvic LN dissection, and survived at only 0.9 month of follow up without long-term survival data. The 29-year-old man received extended partial cystectomy and umbilectomy, and survived at 17 months of follow up without local recurrence or metastasis. Even in a large series study, Mayo clinic study of 49 cases for 53 years, the youngest was 43 years old [8]. Our case is an urachal adenocarcinoma found in a 26 year-old man, the second youngest adult case ever reported. Age at the diagnosis of urachal carcinoma is important to understand pathogenetic transitional mechanism from benign to malignancy. Also clinicians should be aware that urachal carcinoma may occur early in the life time at the age of twenties. References Sheldon CA,Clayman RV,Gonzalez R,Williams RD,Fraley EE. Malignanturachallesions. J Urol.1984; 131(1):1-8. Cornil C,Reynolds CT,Kickham CJ. Carcinoma of the urachus. J Urol.1967; 98(1):93-5. Gupta S,Bhaijee F,Harmon EP. Mucinousneoplasmarisingin aurachalcyst: a first in the pediatric population. Urology.2014; 83(2):455-6. Siefker-Radtke AO,Gee J,Shen Y,Wen S,Daliani D,Millikan RE,Pisters LL. Multimodalitymanagement ofurachalcarcinoma: the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience. J Urol.2003; 169(4):1295-8. Gopalan A,Sharp DS,Fine SW,Tickoo SK,Herr HW,Reuter VE,Olgac S. Urachalcarcinoma: aclinicopathologicanalysisof24caseswith outcome correlation. Am J Surg Pathol.2009; 33(5):659-68. Pinthus JH,Haddad R,Trachtenberg J,Holowaty E,Bowler J,Herzenberg AM,Jewett M,Fleshner NE. Populationbasedsurvivaldataonurachaltumors. J Urol.2006; 175(6):2042-7; discussion 2047. Henly DR1,Farrow GM,Zincke H. Urachal cancer: role of conservative surgery. Urology.1993; 42(6):635-9. Molina JR,Quevedo JF,Furth AF,Richardson RL,Zincke H,Burch PA. Predictorsofsurvivalfromurachal cancer: a Mayo Clinic study of 49 cases. Cancer.2007; 110(11):2434-40. Acute Tonsillitis Chronic Ulcerative Colitis | Case Study Acute Tonsillitis Chronic Ulcerative Colitis | Case Study Katharine Buzzbee is a pleasant young girl of 9 years old. She was brought to the health center with complaints of sore throat with difficulty swallowing. Her mother states that Katharine has had similar symptoms three separate times this year. The illnesses begin with irritation in the throat that progress to pain. The pain radiates to her ears and she generally develops a fever during the course of each attack. The patient also has a history of developing frequent colds where she experiences headaches, a stuffy nose and frequent sneezing. Her older brother and sister have both recently had the common cold. The patient is otherwise healthy with no major illnesses or injuries. Clinical manifestations: On examination, Katharines palatine tonsils are swollen, red and surrounded by exudate. She has a temperature of 101.1 °F and complains of a running nose and headache. She appears tired and isnt as energetic as in our previous encounters. Diagnosis: acute tonsillitis. Throat culture confirmed strep. bacterial infection. Etiology: Acute tonsillitis is generally caused by a viral infection, most commonly caused by common cold viruses such as: adenovirus, rhinovirus, influenza, coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus. The Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus and HIV occasionally manifest as tonsillitis. The second cause of acute tonsillitis is bacterial1 (about 30% of patients). The common bacterium is group A Beta hemolytic streptoccal. Other strains of bacteria are less common. The patient listed above has this type of infection. Pathogenesis: virus or bacteria attacks tonsil tissue exiting the response of innate immunity and adaptive immunity of T and B cells contained in the tonsils. The lymphocytes fight the infection, which leads to inflammation. As long as the lymphocytes and other cells can weaken the virus/bacteria the damage to the cells within the tonsils will remain reversible. Treatment: 10-day course of oral penicillin2, rest and hydration. Prognosis: symptoms should resolve during course of treatment. If frequent onset of tonsillitis continues tonsillectomy may be recommended. Inflammatory response The bacteria is ingested or inhaled and attaches to the palatine tonsils (injury). At the gross level the tonsils become swollen with erythema causing pain and difficulty completing normal tasks such as swallowing. In the study by Liljaa, Raisanenb and Stenfors3, the researchers studied bacterial and epithelial cells from palatine tonsils of nine patients with positive streptococcus pyogenes infection. The reported findings showed, S. pyogenes could be identified both in the mucous layer covering the tonsils and attached to the surface epithelial cells. Long chains of coccus-shaped bacteria could be seen encroaching on the epithelial cell borders. S. pyogenes can apparently penetrate the mucous barrier, attach to the epithelial cells, spread from cell to cell and possibly penetrate into the outermost layer of the epithelial cells. These events in turn provoke cytokine production and/or complement activation, which induce inflammatory reaction in the tonsillar tissue (activation). Dead bacteria and bacterial debris will remain at the site of the infection and must be removed (phagocytosis) from this area by neutrophils and macrophages. Once the bacterium has been removed through phagocytes the tonsillar tissue will resume its normal form through resolution (healing process). Swelling and pain will cease. Chronic inflammation: Ulcerative Collitis Case study Jedediah Jones is a 24-year-old student pursing a degree in chiropractic medicine. He presents today with abdominal pain and frequent diarrhea containing mucus and blood. The onset of these symptoms began 2 months ago, but Jedediah decided to seek treatment when his frequent bowel movements began to disrupt his studies. Patient states that on average he has approximately 8 bowel movements per day, most frequently occurring after a meal. His abdominal pain is most severe before a bowel movement, but remains constant at the pain level of 4 out of 10. Patient says pain is 6 out of 10 at its worse. Patient attributes the symptoms to his newly adopted diet mostly consisting of fast food. Until recently he lived at home where all his meals were homemade. Patient has experienced an increased level of stress since beginning his studies (6 months ago) and subsequently quit smoking cigarettes. Patient exercises regularly, but has experienced a decrease in energy levels since the onset of symptoms. Patient denies other illness or injuries and is currently not taking any medication. Patients twin brother was recently diagnosed with Crohns disease and his maternal grandfather died of colon cancer at 48 years old. Clinical manifestations: LLQ tender upon palpation and entire abdomen appears distended. Patient claims 8 bowel movements per day with a watery consistency containing mucus and blood. Conjuctiva and finger nail beds appear pale. Diagnosis: ulcerative colitis, confirmed by positive biopsy removed during sigmoidoscopy. Inflammation of bowel appeared to extend no further than the descending colon with most severe inflammation and ulceration in the sigmoid section. Stool cultures ruled out parasitic infection. Etiology: the cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown, but factors such as genetics7, psychological stress, smoking cessation and poor diet have been attributed to onset of disease. Pathogenesis: as stated in the pathology textbook7, Most investigators believe that [ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease] result from a combination of defects in host interactions with intestinal microbiota, intestinal epithelial dysfunction, and aberrant mucosal immune responses. Treatment: Sulfasalazine 2 pills by mouth, 3 times per day. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Rowasa (mesalamine) rectal suspension enema, at bedtime until bleeding stops. Prognosis: continue medication until symptoms have resolved completely. Maintenance therapy will be recommended indefinitely to avoid relapse. Inflammatory response Podolsky8 explains in his article that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is believed to be the result of an ongoing activation of the mucosal immune system. This abnormal response is likely due to the defects in both the intestinal epithelium and the mucosal immune system (injury). Podolsky8 clearly defines the inflammatory response of IBD, Chronic, recurrent intestinal inflammation appears to result from stimulation of the mucosal immune system by-products of commensal bacteria in the lumen. Stimulation may occur as a result of the penetration of bacterial products through the mucosal barrier, leading to their direct interaction with immune cells, especially dendritic cells and lymphocyte populations (chemotaxis). Alternatively, bacterial products may stimulate the surface epithelium, possibly through receptors that are components of the innate immune-response system; the epithelium can, in turn, produce cytokines and chemokines that recruit and activate mucosal immune cells (transmigration). Cellular changes occur in ulcerative colitis as the chronic inflammation may lead to mucosal atrophy7, damage to the muscularis propria and disrupt neuromuscular function leading to colonic dilation and risk of perforation (cellular changes). As stated in the textbook7, The inflammatory process is diffuse and generally limited to the mucosa and superficial submucosa. Submucosal fibrosis, mucosal atrophy and distorted mucosal architecture remain a residual of healed disease but histology may also revert to near normal after prolonged remission (healing process). Resources Merck Manuals Online Medical Library. Tonsillopharyngitis. Available at: http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec08/ch090/ch090i.html. Accessed: October 21, 2010 Venes D, Thomas C (Eds.). Tabers Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary 19th ed. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis; 2001 Liljaa M, Raisanenb S, Stenfors L E. Initial events in the pathogenesis of acute tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. September 1998; 45 (1): 15 20. Mansson A, Adner M, Cardell L O. Toll-like receptors in cellular subsets of human tonsil T cells: altered expression during recurrent tonsillitis. Respir Res. 2006; 7(1): 36 Ebenfelt A, Ericson L E, Lundberg C. Acute Pharyngotonsillitis is an Infection Restricted to the Crypt and Surface Secretion. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1998; 118: 264 271. Wikipedia contributors. Wound healing. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. October 23, 2010, 14:00 UTC. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wound_healingoldid=392404843. Accessed October 24, 2010. Kumar V, Abbas A, Fausto N, Aster J. The Gastrointestinal Tract (Ch 17). Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2010: 810 814 Podolsky, D. Inflammatory Bowel Disease. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:417-429 The Empire Writes Back | Green is the Colour The Empire Writes Back | Green is the Colour Ashcroft, Bill et al in the book The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post Colonial Literature discusses what post-colonial is and explains among others the theories of post-colonialism. According to Ashcroft et al, the term colonial can be used to cover all the culture affected by the imperial process from the moment of colonization to the present which concerns with the world as it exists during and after the period of European imperial domination and the effects of this on contemporary literatures. These contemporary literatures include those produced in the African countries, Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, Caribbean countries, India, Malaysia, Malta, New Zealand, Pakistan, Singapore, South Pacific countries, Sri Langka and even the USA (p.2). Development of post-colonial literatures happens through several stages along with the stages of national or regional consciousness and the project of asserting difference from the imperial centre (ibid, p.5). The first stage is the stage of the imperialism where writings were produced using the language of the imperial centre because they were written mainly by the literate elites which can also be regarded as the representative of the imperial power. Examples include gentrified settlers (Wentworths Australia), travellers and sightseers (Froudes Oceana, and his The English in the West Indies or the travel diaries of Mary Kingsley) or the Anglo-Indian and West African administrators, soldiers and boxwallah and their memsahibs (volumes of memoirs). At this stage the writers not only talk about the landscape, language and culture of the place but also emphasize the home over the native, the metropolitan over the provincial or colonial and so on (ibid, p.5). The second stage involved literature produced by what Aschroft et. al termed as under the imperial license by the natives or outcasts like the English educated Indian upper class or the African missionary literature. However, the institution of Literature in the colony was still under the control of the imperial ruling class which prevented the writers from fully exploring their anti-Imperial potential. One of the examples given is a novel entitled Ralph Rashleigh by James Tucker. Basically, there are four post colonial models which can be used to study literary texts. The first model is the national or regional models which emphasize the distinctive features of the particular national or regional culture; while the second one is the race- based model which identifies certain shared characteristics across various national literatures such as the common racial inheritance in literatures of the African diaspora addressed by the Black Writing model. Comparative models of varying complex ity which seek to account for particular linguistic, historical and cultural features across two or more post-colonial literature is the third model while the last one which is rather comprehensive is the comparative models which argues things such as hybridity and syncreticity as the constitutive elements of all post-colonial literature. One of the popular preoccupations of postcolonial literature deals with nationalism. Several definitions of nationalism can be found in the dictionaries and among them are the devotion to the interests or culture of ones nation; the belief that nations will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively emphasizing national rather than international goals; and aspirations for national independence in a country under foreign domination (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/nationalism). Benedict Anderson (1983) defines nation as imagined, limited and sovereign communities. According to Anderson imagined community is different from an actual community because it is not (and, for practical reasons, cannot be) based on everyday face-to-face interaction between its members. Anderson argues that nations are a small idea shared by a geographically limited area of people that despite its limitation has influence and power in its greater region and sovereignty over its people. Nation became more and more realized as linguistic diversity, religious authority and traditional monarchies faded. A nation is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear of them, yet in the minds of each, lives the image of their communion and regardless of the actual inequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship. Members of the community probably will never know each of the other members face to face; however, they may have similar interests or identify as part of the same nation. Anderson believes that his creation of imagined communities became possible because of print-capitalism. Capitalist entrepreneurs printed their books and media in the vernacular (instead of exclusive script languages, such as Latin) in order to maximize circulation. As a result, readers speaking various local dialects became able to understand each other, a nd a common discourse emerged. Anderson argued that the first European nation-states were thus formed around their national print-languages. Quayum (2009) in his introductory note for Writing A Nation Essays on Malaysian Literature stated that nationalism implies idealisation of the nation that has many positive qualities in its ideal state. Besides creating the sense of belonging, solidarity and shared membership for all its citizens where all members recognise mutual rights and duties towards one another, it also creates a sense of conviction and loyalty among members to certain shared artefacts of the nation. Quayaum however believes that to some extent nationalism may also be dangerous because there is a probability that the idealisation of the nation can turn into idolatry and nationalist sentiment can deteriorate into demagoguery, divisiveness, despotism, radicalism and racism which may lead to sectarian arrogance and destroy the creative bond of the wholeness of humanity. Lloyd Fernandos Green is the Colour Lloyd Fernandos Scorpion Orchid (1976) and Green is the Colour (1993) provide crucial insights into the state of belonging and nation-formation, as well as the understated realities of racial religious segregation and politics of prejudice which are still rampant in the contemporary Malaysian ideological landscape (Qayum and Nam, 2009). Although the exact time frame for Lloyd Fernandos novel Green is the Colour has not been clearly stated, it is quite possible that the historical context which Fernando is indirectly referring to was the Malaysian Racial Riot of 13th May, 1969. The novel exposed the unstable relationship between the racial and religious groups of Malaysia which continues to haunt the socio-cultural fabric of the country up until today (Ng, 2009). Thus, the depiction of violence, prejudices between different races and roaming vigilante in the countryside were quite real and became a common sight at that time. The effect of the racial unrest which is referred in the novel as the unsightly scab in Malaysian history can directly be felt by the multicultural citizens represented by characters like Siti Sara, Dahlan, Yun Ming and Gita. The ill-fated, cross-cultural relationship between Siti Sara and Yun Ming and their reflections to the uncertain situation in the country become the focus of the novel. Yun Ming, a second generation Chinese is a civil servant working for the Ministry of Home Affairs who seeks justice by working from within the government. He lusts for Sara, an oversea- graduate lecturer teaching in a local premier university from the first moment he sees her at a concert. Since the first meeting, Yun Ming seems to feel a kind of attraction towards Siti Sara and always tries to find ways or opportunities to be near her. Siti Sara who at first tries not to make her feeling obvious due to her status as Omars wife finally responds and begins to find comfort and peace in Yun Mings company who is described as gentle and moderate and looks at things from a human point of view and believes in the brotherhood of all. His sincerity and trustworthiness are evidenced through his willingness to risk his life in d istributing relief goods in the Malay areas even during the peak of racial riot. The understanding and tolerance that Sara never gets from her spouse leads Sara to be deeply in love with the Chinese guy. Despite all the challenges and disapproval from others (except from Lebai Hanafiah, Siti Saras father), the couple is almost successful in their relationship until Yun Ming is caught under the instruction of the villain in the novel- Panglima. Siti Sara is very significant in the novel not only as a heroine but also a narrator. As such, the story is mainly narrated from her viewpoint except for Chapter 9 which is narrated by Lebai Hanafiah, Siti Saras father and Chapter 15 by Dahlan a lawyer. Saras father has certainly becomes instrumental in shaping her into a liberal, tolerant and accommodative woman ( ). Although described as not having a unitary, parochial sense of identity like her lover Yun Ming, nor adopt a monolithic model of nationalism like her husband Omar ( ), Siti Saras character is used to realise the authors philosophy of fellowship and understanding among multi-racial Malaysia ( ). Fernando tries to promote a tolerant, selfless Bangsa Malaysia in this novel through the depiction of the characters of Yun Ming, Siti Sara and Lebai Hanafiah. Through the story, Fernando not only shows the effect of explosive and intractable racial riots on the entire nation but also on the band of closely linked individuals and how their relationships are affected by the event particularly by their contesting views of the nation. The interpretation of nation or imagined community according to him would be a community that is open- minded, receptive and tolerant towards each other just like the relationship of Siti Sara and Yun Ming. Even though Panglimas single set of values may be necessary as a reference, it is wise to allow for some freedoms for the multiracial society to practice what they believe to be right and appropriate without letting their contesting views affect their judgments and relationship with other. As Quayum, (2007) puts it, as long as we consider love as the base of all metaphysics and humanity and as the highest principle in life, we can never go wrong in self-refashioning ourselves as a nation or a society. Fernando enunciated his firmly-held belief in the integration of races and religions in his two novels Scorpion Orchid (1976) and Green is the Colour (1993) while deftly criticising communal and divisive politics which inevitably result in intolerance and destruction. These two novels provide an insight into the state of belonging and nation-formation as well as the understated realities of racial-religious segregation and politics which are regarded as sensitive but anyhow still relevant to be discussed up till now (Ng, 2009). Even though Fernando seems to rely on the incidents of the 1969 racial riot to construct the ideological backdrop of the novel, it is however inaccurate to generalize it as depicting the realities of the tensions. Instead, a careful reading will reveal that the novel is in fact depicting the ideological state of affairs in Malaysia of the 80s and 90s, a situation which Fernando views as dire to the nations health due to the communal, prejudicial agendas of cer tain political groups. Fernando tries to bring to attention the dangerous direction towards which the nation is heading, a direction that is increasingly forgetting its multicultural makeup in the move towards racial-religious homogeneity (ibid. p.118-119). Although some critics feel that the portrayal of women characters in both Fernandos novel Scorpion Orchid and Green is the Colour is rather bias Mohammad A.Quayum who reads Siti Sara as a metaphor of a nation argues that her rape by Panglima is especially significant: she is at the centre of the novel and associated with the countryside and the natural beauty of Malaysia from time to time. The authors worst fears about the future of Malaysia would be realised if corrupt politicians and bureaucrats like Panglima were allowed to remain at the helm and rule of the country (Shaping a New National Destiny with Dialogic, p. 170) The novel reveals what would happen to Malaysia if megalomaniac, bigoted and close-minded politicians were to come into power and threaten to divest other racial groups of their rights to religious and cultural affiliations (Andrew Ng, 2009, p.119) Fernando articulates the dangers of deploying religion for selfish, politically-invested ends echoes precisely the socio-political situation in Malaysia during this period. (Andrew Ng, 2009, p.119) Other character include Dahlan, a renegade Malay lawyer who persistently questions Malay supremacy and privileges resulting in him being rejected by his community (Andrew Ng, 2009, p.119) Racial harmony cannot be reinstated by force. Panglima who represents the corrupted leader of the country and Ustaz Bahaudin a leader of a religious extremist have their own way to forward their homogenising, monolithic agendas. Panglima constantly talks about an ominous strategy for nation-building. According to him in order to maintain the order in the country everybody must follow one way of life and has one way of doing things. Tuan Guru Bahaudin and the Panglima endorse the view that a nation comprising many religions cannot become united and only through a single faith at the (potentially violent) expense of others can function as the adhesive for a people that is otherwise racially segregated (Wilson in Andrew Ng, 2009, p.123)